1. Hlaba izinkuni. Ziningi izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanti izinkuni zisetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe lapha, ezisezingeni elihle. Izinkuni ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza iphepha zifakwa ku-roller futhi amagxolo akhishwe.
2. Ukusika. Faka izinkuni ezihlutshiwe ku-chipper.
3. Ukutshisa ngokhuni oluphukile. Faka ama-wood chips ku-digester.
4. Bese usebenzisa amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile ukuze ugeze i-pulp, futhi ususe izingcezu ezimahhadla, amafindo, amatshe nesihlabathi ku-pulp ngokuyihlola nokuhlanza.
5. Ngokuhambisana nezidingo zohlobo lwephepha, sebenzisa i-bleach ukuze uhlanganise i-pulp ibe mhlophe obudingekayo, bese usebenzisa izinto zokushaya ukuze ushaye.
I-pulp ifakwa emshinini wephepha. Kulesi sinyathelo, ingxenye yomswakama izosuswa ku-pulp futhi izoba ibhande le-pulp elimanzi, futhi imicu kuyo izocindezelwa ngobumnene ndawonye nge-roller.
6. Ukukhishwa komswakama. I-pulp ihamba eduze kweribhoni, ikhipha amanzi, futhi iba minyene.
7. Uku-ayina. Irola elibushelelezi linga-ayina ingaphezulu lephepha libe indawo ebushelelezi.
8. Ukusika. Beka iphepha emshinini futhi usike usayizi ojwayelekile.
Umgomo wokwenza amaphepha:
Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha kuhlukaniswe izinqubo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-pulping kanye ne-papermaking. I-Pulping ukusebenzisa izindlela zemishini, izindlela zamakhemikhali, noma inhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela ukuhlukanisa izinto ezingavuthiwe zefayibha yezitshalo zibe yi-pulp yemvelo noma i-bleached pulp. Ukwenza iphepha kuyinqubo yokuhlanganisa imicu ye-pulp elenga emanzini ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zibe amashidi ephepha ahlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene.
E-China, ukusungulwa kwephepha kuthiwa kwenziwa umthenwa u-Cai Lun Wobukhosi BakwaHan (cishe ngo-105 AD; inothi lomhleli wenguqulo yesiShayina: ucwaningo lwakamuva lomlando lubonisa ukuthi lesi sikhathi kufanele siqhutshekelwe phambili). Iphepha ngaleso sikhathi lalenziwe ngezimpande zoqalo, amanikiniki, i-hemp, njll. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yayihlanganisa ukugxoba, ukubilisa, ukusefa, nokusabalalisa insalela ukuze yome elangeni. Ukwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwephepha kancane kancane kwasakazekela enyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye nemisebenzi yezohwebo yoMgwaqo Kasilika. Ngo-793 AD, kwakhiwa isigayo sephepha eBaghdad, ePersia. Ukusuka lapha, ukwenziwa kwamaphepha kwasakazekela emazweni ama-Arab, okokuqala eDamaseku, kwase kuba eGibhithe naseMorocco, futhi ekugcineni kwafinyelela e-Exerovia eSpain. Ngo-1150 AD, amaMoor akha isigayo sokuqala sephepha saseYurophu. Kamuva, kwamiswa izigayo zephepha eHorantes, eFrance ngo-1189, eVabreano, e-Italy ngo-1260, naseJalimane ngo-1389. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba khona umthengisi waseLondon eNgilandi uJohn Tent owaqala ukwenza iphepha ngo-1498 phakathi nokubusa kweNkosi. UHenry II. Ngekhulu le-19, iphepha elenziwe ngamanikiniki nezitshalo ngokuyisisekelo lathathelwa indawo iphepha elenziwe nge-pulp yezitshalo.
Kungaziwa ezintweni ezivubukuliwe ukuthi iphepha lokuqala lenziwa nge-hemp. Inqubo yokukhiqiza icishe ihambe kanje: ukubuyisela kabusha, okungukuthi, ukucwilisa i-hemp emanzini ukuze uyikhiphe; bese icubungula i-hemp ibe yizintambo ze-hemp; bese ushaya imicu ye-hemp, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukushaya, ukuhlakaza imicu ye-hemp; futhi ekugcineni, ukudoba ngephepha, okuwukuthi Ukusabalalisa imicu ye-hemp ngokulinganayo phezu kwe-bamboo mat efakwe emanzini, bese uyikhipha futhi uyomise ukuze ibe yiphepha.
Le nqubo ifana kakhulu nendlela ye-flocculation, ebonisa ukuthi inqubo yokwenza iphepha yazalwa ngendlela ye-flocculation. Yiqiniso, iphepha lokuqala lalisenzima kakhulu. Umcu we-hemp awuzange upondwe ngokwanele, futhi umcu wawusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani lapho wenziwa iphepha. Ngakho-ke, kwakungelula ukubhala kuyo, futhi ngokuvamile yayisetshenziselwa ukupakisha izinto.
Kodwa kwakungenxa yokubukeka kwalo kanye okwenza iphepha lakudala emhlabeni labangela uguquko ezintweni zokubhala. Kule nguquko yezinto zokubhala, uCai Lun ushiye igama lakhe emlandweni ngeqhaza lakhe elibalulekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-13-2023