I-Fiberglass Yenziwa Kanjani?

I-Fiberglass ibhekisela eqenjini lemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngemicu yengilazi ngayinye ehlanganiswe ibe yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Imicu yengilazi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokwejiyomethri yawo: imicu eqhubekayo esetshenziswa emiculweni nasezindwangu, kanye nemicu engaqhubeki (emifushane) esetshenziswa njengamalulwane, izingubo zokulala, noma amabhodi okufakwa nokuhlunga. I-fiberglass ingakhiwa ibe yintambo efana noboya noma ukotini, futhi ilukwe ibe yindwangu esetshenziselwa ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza ama-draperies. Izindwangu ze-Fiberglass zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokuqinisa amapulasitiki abunjiwe nalayiniwe. I-fiberglass wool, into ewugqinsi, ethambile eyenziwe ngemicu engapheli, isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa okushisayo nokumunca umsindo. Ivame ukutholakala emikhunjini nasemikhunjini engaphansi kwamanzi kanye nama-hulls; izingxenye zenjini yezimoto kanye nama-body panel liners; ezithandweni nasezindaweni zokupholisa umoya; amapaneli e-acoustic odongeni nophahla; kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo. I-Fiberglass ingahle ilungiselelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezifana nohlobo E (olukagesi), olusetshenziswa njengetheyiphu yokufaka ugesi kagesi, izindwangu kanye nokuqiniswa; I-Type C (ikhemikhali), enokumelana ne-asidi ephakeme, kanye nohlobo T, lokufakwa kwe-thermal.

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa komucu wengilazi kusanda kwenzeka, izingcweti zakha imicu yengilazi yokuhlobisa izigqoko namavazi ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi, uRene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, sakhiqiza izindwangu ezihlotshiswe ngemicu yengilazi emihle ngo-1713, futhi abasunguli baseBrithani benza okufanayo ngo-1822. Umluki kasilika waseBrithani wenza indwangu yengilazi ngo-1842, kanti omunye umsunguli, u-Edward Libbey, wenza umbukiso. ingubo elukwe ngengilazi e-1893 Columbian Exposition eChicago.

I-Glass wool, inqwaba ye-fluffy yefayibha engaqhubeki ngobude obungahleliwe, yaqala ukukhiqizwa e-Europe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kusetshenziswa inqubo ehilela ukudwetshwa kwemicu ukusuka ezintini ukuya esigubhini esijikelezayo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, inqubo yokuphotha yasungulwa futhi yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi. I-Glass fiber insulating material yakhiqizwa eJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. Ucwaningo nentuthuko okuhloswe ngayo ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwemicu yengilazi kwaqhubekela phambili e-United States ngawo-1930, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu, i-Owens-Illinois Glass Company kanye ne-Corning Glass. Iyasebenza. Lezi zinkampani zakha umcu wengilazi ocolekile, othambile, obiza kancane ngokudweba ingilazi encibilikisiwe ngemiphetho emihle kakhulu. Ngo-1938, lezi zinkampani ezimbili zahlangana zakha i-Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Owens-Corning, isiphenduke inkampani yezigidigidi ezingu-3 ngonyaka, futhi ingumholi emakethe ye-fiberglass.

Ama-Raw material

Izinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-fiberglass ziyizinhlobonhlobo zamaminerali emvelo namakhemikhali akhiqiziwe. Izithako eziyinhloko isihlabathi se-silica, i-limestone, nomlotha wesoda. Ezinye izithako zingase zihlanganisa i-alumina e-calcined, i-borax, i-feldspar, i-nepheline syenite, i-magnesite, ne-kaolin clay, phakathi kwezinye. Isihlabathi se-silica sisetshenziswa njengengilazi yangaphambili, futhi i-soda ash kanye ne-limestone kusiza ngokuyinhloko ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo. Ezinye izithako zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezithile, njenge-borax yokumelana namakhemikhali. Ingilazi yemfucuza, ebizwa nangokuthi i-cullet, nayo isetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza. Izinto ezingavuthiwe kumele zikalwe ngokucophelela zibe yinani eliqondile futhi zixutshwe kahle (okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa) ngaphambi kokuba zincibilikiswe engilazini.

I-Manufacturing
Inqubo

Iyancibilika

Uma iqoqo selilungisiwe, lifakwa esithandweni ukuze lincibilike. Isithando somlilo singashiswa ngogesi, uphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili. Izinga lokushisa kufanele lilawulwe ngokunembile ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza okubushelelezi, okuzinzile kwengilazi. Ingilazi encibilikisiwe kumelwe igcinwe emazingeni okushisa aphakeme (cishe ngo-2500°F [1371°C]) kunezinye izinhlobo zengilazi ukuze yakheke ibe umcu. Lapho ingilazi isincibilikile, idluliselwa emishinini yokwakha ngeshaneli (ingaphambili) elitholakala ekugcineni kwesithando somlilo.

Ukwakha imicu

Kusetshenziswa izinqubo eziningana ezahlukene ukwenza imicu, kuye ngohlobo lwefiber. Imicu yendwangu ingase yakheke ngengilazi encibilikisiwe isuka ngqo esithandweni, noma ingilazi encibilikisiwe ingase inikezwe umshini owakha amamabula engilazi angamasentimitha angaba ngu-1,6 ububanzi. Lezi zimabula zivumela ingilazi ukuthi ihlolwe ngokubona ukungcola. Kuyo yomibili inqubo yokuncibilika okuqondile kanye netshe lemabula, ingilazi noma imabula yengilazi inikezwa ngezihlahla ezishisisa ngogesi (ezibizwa nangokuthi ama-spinnerets). I-bushing yenziwe nge-platinum noma i-alloy yensimbi, noma yikuphi ukusuka ku-200 kuya ku-3,000 orifices emihle kakhulu. Ingilazi encibilikisiwe idlula emiphongolweni bese iphuma njengemicu emihle.

Inqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo

Ifayibha ende, eqhubekayo ingakhiqizwa ngenqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo. Ngemva kokuba ingilazi igeleza emigodini yasehlathini, imicu eminingi ibanjwa emoyeni onesivinini esikhulu. Iwinder izungeza cishe amamayela angu-2 (3 km) ngomzuzu, ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinga lokugeleza okuvela ezihlahleni. Ukushuba kukhipha imicu lapho zisancibilikile, kwenze imicu ingxenyena yobubanzi bezimbobo ezisehlathini. Kusetshenziswa i-chemical binder, esiza ukugcina i-fiber ukuthi ingaphuki phakathi nokucubungula kamuva. Umcu ube usuphonswa kumashubhu. Manje ingasonteka futhi ihlanganiswe ibe yintambo.

Inqubo ye-Staple-fiber

Enye indlela inqubo ye-staplefiber. Njengoba ingilazi encibilikisiwe igeleza ezihlahleni, amajethi omoya ayipholisa ngokushesha imicu. Ukuqhuma komoya okunyakazayo nakho kwephula imicu ibe ubude obungama-intshi angu-8-15 (20-38 cm). Le micu iwela ngesifutho sokuthambisa esigubhini esijikelezayo, lapho yenza khona ulwembu oluncane. Iwebhu idonswa esigubhu bese idonselwa ochungechungeni oluqhubekayo lwemicu ehlanganiswe ngokuxekethile. Lo mucu ungacutshungulwa ube yintambo ngezinqubo ezifanayo ezisetshenziselwa uboya nokotini.

I-fiber eqoshiwe

Esikhundleni sokwakhiwa kwentambo, umucu oqhubekayo noma omude ungase unqunywe ube ubude obufushane. Umucu ugxunyekwa phezu kwesethi yama-bobbins, ebizwa ngokuthi i-creel, bese udonsa ngomshini owuqoba ube yizicucu ezimfushane. I-fiber eqoshiwe yakha amacansi okuhlanganiswe kuwo i-binder. Ngemva kokwelapha kuhhavini, umata uyagoqwa. Izisindo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kunikeza imikhiqizo yama-shingles, ukufulela okwakhelwe phezulu, noma omati bokuhlobisa.

Uboya bengilazi

Inqubo ye-rotary noma yesipina isetshenziselwa ukwenza uboya bengilazi. Kule nqubo, ingilazi encibilikisiwe evela esithandweni igelezela esitsheni esiyicylindrical esinezimbobo ezincane. Njengoba isitsha siphenduka ngokushesha, imifudlana yengilazi evundlile igeleza iphuma emigodini. Imifudlana yengilazi encibilikisiwe iguqulwa ibe imicu ngokuqhuma komoya okuya phansi, igesi eshisayo, noma kokubili. Imicu iwela ebhandeni elihambisayo, lapho ihlangana khona ngobuningi be-fleecy. Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa, noma uboya bungafuthwa nge-binder, bucindezelwe bube ubukhulu obufunekayo, bese belapheka kuhhavini. Ukushisa kusetha i-binder, futhi umkhiqizo owumphumela ungase ube ibhodi eliqinile noma eliqinile kancane, noma i-batt eguquguqukayo.

Izingubo zokuzivikela

Ngaphezu kwama-binders, ezinye izigqoko ziyadingeka emikhiqizweni ye-fiberglass. Izinto zokugcoba zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuhuzuka kwe-fiber futhi zifafazwa ngokuqondile ku-fiber noma zengezwe ku-binder. Ukwakheka kwe-anti-static nakho kwesinye isikhathi kufafazwa ngaphezulu komata be-fiberglass insulation ngesikhathi sesinyathelo sokupholisa. Umoya opholile odonswa kumata ubangela ukuthi i-anti-static agent ingene phakathi kwawo wonke amacansi. I-ejenti ye-anti-static iqukethe izithako ezimbili-into enciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi omile, kanye nento esebenza njenge-corrosion inhibitor kanye ne-stabilizer.I-Sizing yinoma yikuphi ukunamathela okusetshenziselwa imicu yendwangu lapho kwakhiwa, futhi ingaqukatha eyodwa noma izingxenye ezengeziwe (amafutha, ama-binder, noma ama-coupling agents). Ama-coupling agents asetshenziselwa izintambo ezizosetshenziselwa ukuqinisa amapulasitiki, ukuqinisa isibopho ezintweni eziqinisiwe.Ngezinye izikhathi umsebenzi wokuqeda uyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe lezi zingubo, noma ukwengeza enye i-coating. Ukuze kuqiniswe ipulasitiki, amasizing angase asuswe ngokushisa noma amakhemikhali futhi kusetshenziswe i-ejenti yokuhlanganisa. Ngezicelo zokuhlobisa, izindwangu kufanele ziphathwe ngokushisa ukuze zisuse ama-sizings kanye nokusetha i-weave. Izembatho zesisekelo sedayi zibe sezisetshenziswa ngaphambi kokufa noma ukuphrinta.

Ukwakha izimo

Imikhiqizo ye-Fiberglass iza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezimo, ezenziwe kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezimbalwa. Isibonelo, ukufakwa kwepayipi le-fiberglass kulinyazwa kumafomu afana nenduku abizwa ngokuthi ama-mandrels ngokuqondile kusuka kumayunithi okwakhiwa, ngaphambi kokwelapha. Ukwakheka kwesikhunta, ngobude obungamamitha angu-91 noma ngaphansi, bese kwelashwa kuhhavini. Ubude obuphulukisiwe bube sebubunjwa ngobude, bese busahwa ngezilinganiso ezithile. Ama-face asetshenziswa uma kudingeka, futhi umkhiqizo uyapakishwa ukuze uthunyelwe.

Ikhwalithi yokulawula

Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-fiberglass insulation, impahla ithathwa njengesampula ezindaweni eziningi kunqubo yokugcina ikhwalithi. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa: iqoqo elixubile elifakwa esincibilikisweni sikagesi; ingilazi encibilikisiwe evela esihlahleni esiphakela i-fiberizer; i-glass fibre ephuma emshinini we-fiberizer; kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina welashiwe ovela ekupheleni komugqa wokukhiqiza. Ingilazi eyinqwaba namasampula efayibha ahlaziywa ukuze kutholwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuba khona kwamaphutha kusetshenziswa izihlaziyi zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi nama-microscopes. Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi we-particle ye-batch material kutholakala ngokudlulisa impahla ngenani lezisefo ezinosayizi abahlukene. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ukalwa ukujiya ngemuva kokupakishwa ngokuya ngemininingwane. Ukushintsha kokuqina kubonisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yengilazi ingaphansi kwezinga.

Abakhiqizi be-fiberglass insulation futhi basebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ezijwayelekile ukuze balinganise, balungise, futhi bathuthukise ukumelana nokuzwakala komkhiqizo, ukumuncwa komsindo, nokusebenza kokuvimbela umsindo. Izici ze-acoustical zingalawulwa ngokulungisa okuguquguqukayo kokukhiqiza okufana nobubanzi befayibha, ukuminyana ngobuningi, ukujiya, nokuqukethwe kwe-binder. Indlela efanayo isetshenziswa ukulawula izakhiwo ezishisayo.

Ikusasa

Imboni ye-fiberglass ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu phakathi nawo-1990 nangaphezulu. Inani labakhiqizi be-fiberglass insulation linyukile ngenxa yezinkampani ezingaphansi zaseMelika zezinkampani zangaphandle kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza ngabakhiqizi baseMelika. Lokhu kubangele umthamo oweqile, imakethe yamanje kanye mhlawumbe nekusasa elingakwazi ukukuthwala.

Ngaphezu komthamo oweqile, ezinye izinto zokufakelwa zizoqhudelana. Uboya betshe busetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yenqubo yakamuva kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo. Ukufakwa kwegwebu kungenye indlela ye-fiberglass ezindongeni zokuhlala kanye nophahla lwezentengiselwano. Enye impahla encintisanayo i-cellulose, esetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwe-attic.

Ngenxa yesidingo esiphansi se-insulation ngenxa yemakethe yezindlu ethambile, abathengi bafuna amanani aphansi. Lesi sidingo futhi siwumphumela wokuqhubeka kokuthambekela kokuhlanganiswa kwabathengisi nosonkontileka. Ukuphendula, imboni yokufaka i-fiberglass kuzofanele iqhubeke nokunciphisa izindleko ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu: amandla kanye nemvelo. Kuzodingeka kusetshenziswe izithando zomlilo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezinganciki emthonjeni owodwa kuphela wamandla.

Njengoba izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu zifinyelela umthamo omkhulu, abakhiqizi be-fiberglass kuzodingeka bafinyelele cishe ukukhishwa kukadoti oqinile ngaphandle kokukhuphula izindleko. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza (kudoti owuketshezi negesi) futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucuza lapho kungenzeka khona.

Udoti onjalo ungase udinge ukucutshungulwa kabusha nokuncibilika ngaphambi kokuphinda usetshenziswe njengento eluhlaza. Abakhiqizi abambalwa sebevele balungisa lezi zinkinga.