1. Pelula iinkuni. Zininzi izinto ezikrwada, kwaye iinkuni zisetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada apha, ekumgangatho olungileyo. Umthi osetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha ufakwa kwi-roller kwaye ixolo liyasuswa.
2. Ukusika. Beka iinkuni ezixotshiweyo kwi-chipper.
3. Ukuphunga ngamaplanga aphukileyo. Yondla iitshiphusi zokhuni kwi-digester.
4. Emva koko sebenzisa amanzi amaninzi acocekileyo ukuhlamba i-pulp, kwaye ususe amaqhekeza arhabaxa, amaqhina, amatye kunye nesanti kwi-pulp ngokucoca kunye nokucoca.
5. Ngokweemfuno zohlobo lwephepha, sebenzisa i-bleach ukuze udibanise i-pulp kumhlophe ofunekayo, kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zokubetha ukubetha.
I-pulp ifakwe kumatshini wephepha. Kule nyathelo, inxalenye yomswakama iya kususwa kwi-pulp kwaye iya kuba yibhanti ye-pulp emanzi, kwaye imicu kuyo iya kunyanzeliswa ngobumnene kunye ne-roller.
6. Ukukhutshwa kokufuma. I-pulp ihamba ecaleni kweribhoni, isusa amanzi, kwaye iyancipha.
7. Ukuayina. Irola enobuso obugudileyo inoku-ayina umphezulu wephepha ube yindawo egudileyo.
8. Ukusika. Beka iphepha kumatshini kwaye unqumle ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo.
Umgaqo wokwenza amaphepha:
Ukuveliswa kwephepha kwahlulwe kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezisisiseko: i-pulping kunye ne-papermaking. I-Pulping kukusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini, iindlela zekhemikhali, okanye indibaniselwano yeendlela zombini zokwahlula imathiriyeli ekrwada yefayibha yezityalo ibe yintlaka yendalo okanye intlama ebleached. Ukwenziwa kwephepha yinkqubo yokudibanisa imicu yepulp exhonywe emanzini ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kumaphepha ephepha ahlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo.
E-China, ukuveliswa kwephepha kubalelwa kwithenwa u-Cai Lun we-Han Dynasty (malunga ne-105 AD; inqaku lomhleli wenguqulo yesiTshayina: uphando lwamva nje lwembali lubonisa ukuba eli xesha kufuneka liqhutyelwe phambili). Iphepha ngelo xesha lenziwe kwiingcambu ze-bamboo, ama-rags, i-hemp, njl. Inkqubo yokuvelisa yayiquka ukubethelwa, ukubilisa, ukuhluza, kunye nokusabalalisa intsalela ukuze yome elangeni. Ukwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwephepha ngokuthe ngcembe kwasasazeka ukuya emantla ntshona kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo yeSilk Road. Ngomnyaka ka 793 AD, ilitye lokusila lakhiwa eBaghdad, ePersi. Ukusuka apha, ukwenziwa kwephepha kwanwenwela kumazwe ama-Arabhu, okokuqala eDamasko, kwandula ke kwaya eYiputa naseMorocco, kwaza ekugqibeleni kwaya e-Exerovia eSpeyin. Ngomnyaka ka 1150 AD, amaMoors akha ilitye lokuqala lokusila laseYurophu. Kamva, kwasekwa oomatshini bephepha eHorantes, eFransi ngowe-1189, eVabreano, eItali ngowe-1260, naseJamani ngowe-1389. Emva koko, kwakukho umrhwebi waseLondon eNgilani ogama linguJohn Tent owaqalisa ukwenza iphepha ngowe-1498 ebudeni bolawulo lukaKumkani. UHenry II. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iphepha elenziwe ngamalaphu kunye nezityalo ngokusisiseko latshintshwa liphepha elenziwe ngentlama yezityalo.
Iyakwazi ukwaziwa kwizinto ezivunjululweyo ukuba iphepha lokuqala lenziwe ngehemp. Inkqubo yokuvelisa ifana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukubuyisela, oko kukuthi, ukucwina i-hemp emanzini ukuyikhupha; emva koko ilungise i-hemp ibe yimisonto ye-hemp; emva koko ucofe imisonto ye-hemp, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukubetha, ukusasaza imicu ye-hemp; kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuloba ngephepha, oko kukuthi ukusasaza imicu ye-hemp ngokulinganayo kwi-bamboo mat efakwe emanzini, kwaye emva koko uyikhuphe kwaye uyomise ukuba ibe liphepha.
Le nkqubo ifana kakhulu nendlela ye-flocculation, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenza iphepha yazalwa ngendlela ye-flocculation. Kakade ke, iphepha lokuqala lalisenzima kakhulu. Ifiber ye-hemp ayizange ipondwe ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ifayibha yayisasazwa ngokungalinganiyo xa yayisenziwa ephepheni. Ke ngoko, bekungelula ukubhala kuyo, kwaye ubukhulu becala ibisetyenziselwa ukupakisha izinto.
Kodwa kwaba kanye ngenxa yenkangeleko yalo eyabangela ukuba iphepha lamandulo ehlabathini libangele utshintsho kwindlela yokubhala. Kolu tshintsho lwezixhobo zokubhala, uCai Lun walishiya igama lakhe kwimbali ngegalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-13-2023