1. Dibanisa iinkuni. Zininzi izinto eziluhlaza, kwaye iinkuni zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo ezikrwada apha, ezisemgangathweni olungileyo. Iinkuni ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha zifakwe kwi-roller kwaye i-bark iyasuswa.
2. Ukusika. Beka iinkuni ezivaliweyo kwi-chipper.
3. Ukuhamba ngeenkuni ezaphukileyo. Yondla i-chips zenkuni kwi-digester.
4. Emva koko sebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi acocekileyo ukuhlamba i-pulp, kwaye ususe iziqwenga ezinamagqabi, amaqhina, amatye kunye nesanti kwi-pulp ngokuhlanjwa nokucocwa.
5. Ngokweemfuno zohlobo lwephepha, sebenzisa i-bleach ukuze ubeke i-pulp kwi-white efunwayo, kwaye ke sebenzisa izixhobo zokubetha ukubetha.
Ipulp yondliwe kumatshini wephepha. Kweli nyathelo, inxalenye yomswakama iya kususwa kwipulpu kwaye iya kuba yibhanti emanzi, kwaye iintsinga ezikhoyo ziya kuba zicinezelwe kakuhle.
I-6. Ukufuma ukuphelelwa ngumswakama. Ipulpu ihamba ecaleni kweribhoni, isusa amanzi, ibe yi-denser.
I-7. I-ironing. I-roller enendawo egudileyo inokwenza umphezulu wephepha kwindawo egudileyo.
8. Ukusika. Beka iphepha kuMatshini kwaye usike kwisayizi esemgangathweni.
I-Papermang Programse:
Imveliso yePhepha yahlulwe yaziinkqubo ezimbini ezisisiseko: ukutyhala kunye nepapermandu. Ukutyhila kukusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini, iindlela zekhemikhali, okanye indibaniselwano yazo zombini iindlela zokukrazula izixhobo ze-fiber ze-fiber kwi-pulp yendalo okanye ipulp ye-pullar. Ipapermaking yinkqubo yokudibanisa iintsinga zepuzzle imisiwe emanzini ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwiphepha lephepha elihlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo.
E China, indawo yephepha ithethwa kwi-Eunung Cai i-Han Canysy (malunga ne-105 ye-AD; Inqaku le-Admini ye-EDINT: Inqaku le-Edhat; Iphepha ngelo xesha lenziwa kwiingcambu ze-bamboo, i-rags, i-hemp, njl njl. Ukwenza nokusetyenziswa kwephepha ngokuthe ngcembe kwasasazeka kumantla ntshona kunye nemisebenzi yezorhwebo yendlela yeSilika. Kwi-783 AD, i-Mill yephepha yakhiwa eBaghdad, ePersi. Ukusuka apha, usanda kumazwe aseArabhu, okokuqala ukuya e-Damasko, emva koko uye e-Egypt naseMorocco, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuya e-Spain. Ngo-1150 intengiso, amaMoors yakha iYurophu yephepha lokuqala laseYurophu. Emva kwexesha, iimayile zephepha zasekwa eHorantes, eFrance ngo-1189, eVidali-e-Itali ngo-1289. Emva koko, yayinguLondon umthengisi eNgilani ogama linguYohane UHenry II. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iphepha elenziwe kwii-ragus kunye nezityalo beziyithatyathwe ipript iphepha elenziwe kwisityalo.
Kungaziwa kwizinto ezingafunyanwanga ezenziwe ngephepha lokuqala lehemp. Inkqubo yokwenziwa ilandele ngokulandelayo: Ukubuyiselwa, oko kukuthi, ukuthoba imfumba emanzini ukudrim; emva koko ukuqhubekisa ishemp kwimigca yefumba; Emva koko kuphanga imitya ye-hemp, ekwabizwa ngokuba kukubetha, ukusasaza imifuno yehemp; Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuloba kwephepha, nto leyo kukusasaza imipu ye-hemp ngokulinganayo kwi-bamboo mat emanzini, emva koko uyikhuphe kwaye yome ukuba ibe liphepha.
Le nkqubo ifana kakhulu nendlela yokubhalwa, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yepapermunge yazalwa ngaphandle kwendlela yokubhalwa. Ewe, iphepha lokuqala lalisele linzima kakhulu. Ifayibha ye-hemp ayizange iphule ngokwaneleyo, kwaye i-fiber yayisasazwa ngokungalinganiyo xa yenziwa ephepheni. Ke ngoko, kwakungekho lula ukubhala, kwaye ikakhulu yayisetyenziselwa ukupakisha izinto.
Kodwa yayingeyonyani ngenxa yenkangeleko yayo ephathelele iphepha lokuqalisa lehlabathi labangela ukutshintsha kwezinto zokubhala. Kule profayili yezixhobo zokubhala, i-Cai Lun ishiya igama lakhe kwimbali kunye negalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UNV-13-2023