Yenziwa njani iFiberglass?

I-Fiberglass ibhekisa kwiqela leemveliso ezenziwe kwimicu yeglasi nganye edityaniswe kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Iintsinga zeglasi zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu ngokwejometri yawo: iintsinga eziqhubekayo ezisetyenziswa kwimisonto nakwimisonto, kunye nemisonto engapheliyo (emfutshane) esetyenziswa njengamalulwane, iingubo, okanye iibhodi zokugquma kunye nokuhluza. I-Fiberglass inokwakheka ibe ngumsonto kakhulu njengoboya okanye umqhaphu, kwaye ulukwe ube ilaphu elithi ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziswe kwidraperies. Iilaphu ze-Fiberglass zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengezinto zokuqinisa iiplastiki ezibunjiweyo kunye ne-laminated. Uboya be-Fiberglass, imathiriyeli engqindilili, efukufuku eyenziwe kwiintsinga ezingaqhubekiyo, isetyenziselwa ukugquma kwe-thermal kunye nokufunxa isandi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kwiinqanawa kunye ne-submarine bulkheads kunye ne-hulls; amagumbi enjini yemoto kunye neepaneli zomzimba; kwiziko kunye neeyunithi zomoya; Iipaneli ze-acoustic kunye neepaneli zesilingi; kunye nezahlulo zoyilo. I-Fiberglass inokulungelelaniswa kwizicelo ezithile ezifana nohlobo lwe-E (umbane), olusetyenziswa njenge-tape yokufakelwa kombane, iingubo kunye nokuqiniswa; Uhlobo C (ikhemikhali), olunokumelana ne-asidi ephezulu, kunye noHlobo lwe-T, lwe-thermal insulation.

Nangona urhwebo lwefiber yeglasi lusekutsha nje, amagcisa adala imisonto yeglasi yokuhombisa iigoblets kunye neevazi ngexesha leRenaissance. Isazi ngefiziksi esingumFrentshi, uRene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, wavelisa amalaphu ahonjiswe ngemisonto yeglasi emihle ngowe-1713, yaye abavelisi baseBritani benza okufanayo ngowe-1822. Umluki wesilika waseBritani wenza ilaphu leglasi ngowe-1842, yaye omnye umyili, uEdward Libbey, wenza umboniso. isinxibo esilukwe ngeglasi kwi-1893 Columbian Exposition eChicago.

Uboya beglasi, ubunzima obuguquguqukayo bosinga olungapheliyo kubude obungacwangciswanga, baveliswa okokuqala eYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, kusetyenziswa inkqubo ebandakanya ukuzoba iintsinga ukusuka kwiintonga ngokuthe tye ukuya kwigubu elijikelezayo. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, inkqubo yokusonta yaphuhliswa kwaye yanikwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Imathiriyeli yokugquma iglasi yeglasi yenziwa eJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Uphando kunye nophuhliso olujoliswe ekuveliseni imveliso yeentsinga zeglasi eqhubela phambili eUnited States ngeminyaka yoo-1930, phantsi kolawulo lweenkampani ezimbini ezinkulu, iOwens-Illinois Glass Company kunye neCorning Glass. Iyasebenza. Ezi nkampani zenze ifayibha yeglasi ecolekileyo, ethambileyo, enexabiso eliphantsi ngokuzoba iglasi enyibilikisiweyo ngemihombo emihle kakhulu. Ngo-1938, ezi nkampani zimbini zadityaniswa zenza i-Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. Ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Owens-Corning, ibe yinkampani ye-3-billion ngonyaka, kwaye iyinkokeli kwimarike ye-fiberglass.

Iimpahla ezingekasilwa

Izinto ezisisiseko zeemveliso ze-fiberglass ziindidi zezimbiwa zendalo kunye neekhemikhali ezenziweyo. Izithako eziphambili yisanti ye-silica, i-limestone, kunye nothuthu lwesoda. Ezinye izithako zingabandakanya i-calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, kunye nodongwe lwe-kaolin, phakathi kwabanye. Isanti ye-silica isetyenziswa njengeglasi yangaphambili, kwaye i-soda ash kunye ne-limestone inceda ngokusisiseko ukuthoba ubushushu bokunyibilika. Ezinye izithako zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula iimpawu ezithile, ezifana ne-borax yokumelana nemichiza. Inkunkuma yeglasi, ekwabizwa ngokuba yicullet, ikwasetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada. Iimathiriyeli ekrwada kufuneka zilinganiswe ngononophelo ngokwezixa ezichanekileyo kwaye zixutywe kakuhle (okubizwa ngokuba yi-batching) phambi kokuba zinyibilikiswe kwiglasi.

Imveliso
Inkqubo

Ukunyibilika

Emva kokuba ibhetshi ilungisiwe, ifakwe kwiziko lokunyibilika. Isithando somlilo sinokufudunyezwa ngombane, i-fossil fuel, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zimbini. Iqondo lobushushu kufuneka lilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kugcinwe iglasi engenamanzi. Iglasi etyhidiweyo imele igcinwe kubushushu obuphezulu (malunga ne-2500°F [1371°C]) kunezinye iindidi zeglasi ukuze buyilwe ibe yimicu. Emva kokuba iglasi ityhidiwe, idluliselwa kwisixhobo sokubumba ngejelo (i-forehearth) esekupheleni kwesithando somlilo.

Ukubumba kwimicu

Iinkqubo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imicu, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwefiber. Imicu yelaphu isenokwenziwa ngeglasi etyhidiweyo esuka ngqo ezikweni, okanye iglasi etyhidiweyo inokutyiswa kuqala kumatshini owenza amabhastile eglasi amalunga ne-0.62 intshi (1.6 cm) ububanzi. La mabhastile avumela iglasi ukuba ihlolwe ngokubonakalayo ukungcola. Kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokunyibilika ngokuthe ngqo kunye nebhastile, iglasi okanye iimabhile zeglasi zondliwa ngamahlahla afudunyezwe ngombane (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-spinnerets). I-bushing yenziwe nge-platinum okanye i-alloy yensimbi, kunye naphi na ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-3,000 yee-orifices ezintle kakhulu. Iglasi enyibilikisiweyo idlula kwimibhobho yomnyango kwaye iphume njengemicu emihle.

Inkqubo eqhubekayo-filament

I-fiber ende, eqhubekayo inokuveliswa ngenkqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo. Emva kokuba iglasi igeleza kwimingxuma kwi-bushing, imicu emininzi ibanjwe kwi-winder yesantya esiphezulu. Iwinder ijikeleza malunga neekhilomitha ezi-3 ngomzuzu, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunesantya sokuhamba kwamatyholo. I-tension ikhupha i-filaments ngelixa ityhidiweyo, yenza imicu iqhezu le-diameter yeendawo ezivulekileyo kwi-bushing. Kusetyenziswa isibophelelo sekhemikhali, esinceda ukugcina ifayibha ingaqhawuki ngexesha lokucutshungulwa kamva. Umcu uthi ke ubotshwe kwityhubhu. Ngoku inokujijwa kwaye ifakwe kumsonto.

Inkqubo ye-staple-fiber

Enye indlela yinkqubo ye-staplefiber. Njengoko iglasi etyhidiweyo ihamba phakathi kwamatyholo, iijethi zomoya ziyipholisa ngokukhawuleza le micu. Ukugqabhuka komoya okuphazamisayo kukwaphula iifilaments zibe ubude obuyi-8-15 intshi (20-38 cm). Le micu iwela kwisitshizi sesithambiso kwigubu elijikelezayo, apho yenze intambo ebhityileyo. Iwebhu itsalwa kwigubu kwaye itsalwa kumsonto oqhubekayo wemicu edityanisiweyo ngokukhululekileyo. Lo msonto unokusetyenzwa ube ngumsonto ngeenkqubo ezifanayo ezisetyenziselwa uboya kunye nomqhaphu.

Ifayibha ezinqunqiweyo

Endaweni yokuba wenziwe umsonto, umsonto oqhubekayo okanye omde unokunqunyulwa ube ngobude obufutshane. Umsonto uxhonywe kwiseti yee-bobbins, ebizwa ngokuba yi-creel, kwaye utsalwe kumatshini owunqunqa ube ziziqwenga ezimfutshane. Ifiber enqunqiweyo yenziwe kwiimethi apho i-binder ifakwe khona. Emva kokunyanga kwi-oven, i-mat iyasongwa. Ubunzima obahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bunika iimveliso zeeshingles, uphahla olwakhiweyo, okanye iimethi zokuhombisa.

Uboya beglasi

Inkqubo yokujikeleza okanye i-spinner isetyenziselwa ukwenza uboya beglasi. Kule nkqubo, iglasi etyhidiweyo evela eziko iqukuqela ukuya kwisikhongozeli esiyicylindrical esinemingxuma emincinci. Njengoko isikhongozeli sijikeleza ngokukhawuleza, imijelo ethe tyaba yeglasi iphuma emingxunyeni. Imijelo yeglasi etyhidiweyo iguqulwa ibe yimicu ngokuqhushumba komoya, igesi eshushu, okanye zombini. Iintsinga ziwela kwibhanti yokuhambisa, apho zidibana khona ngobunzima befleecy. Oku kungasetyenziselwa ukugquma, okanye uboya bunokutshizwa ngesibophelelo, bucinezelwe kubukhulu obufunwayo, kwaye bunyangelwe kwi-oveni. Ubushushu bubeka i-binder, kwaye imveliso ephumayo ingaba yibhodi eqinile okanye e-semi-rigid, okanye i-batt eguquguqukayo.

Iingubo ezikhuselayo

Ukongeza kwii-binders, ezinye iingubo ziyafuneka kwiimveliso ze-fiberglass. Izithambisi zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ifayibha abrasion kwaye mhlawumbi zitshizwe ngokuthe ngqo kwifiber okanye zifakwe kwi-binder. Ukwakheka kwe-anti-static nako ngamanye amaxesha kutshizwe kumphezulu we-fiberglass insulation mats ngexesha lokupholisa. Umoya opholileyo otsalwa kwimethi ubangela ukuba i-agent echasene ne-static ingene kubunzima obupheleleyo bemethi. I-agent ye-anti-static iqulethe izithako ezimbini-izinto ezinciphisa ukuveliswa kombane we-static, kunye nesixhobo esisebenza njenge-corrosion inhibitor kunye ne-stabilizer.I-Sizing nayiphi na i-coating efakwe kwi-textile fibers ekwenzeni umsebenzi, kwaye inokuthi iqulethe enye okanye amacandelo amaninzi (izithambiso, izibophelelo, okanye ii-agent ezidibanisayo). Ii-agent zokudibanisa zisetyenziselwa imicu eya kusetyenziselwa ukuqinisa iiplastiki, ukuqinisa ibhondi kwizinto eziqinisiweyo.Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka umsebenzi wokugqiba ukususa ezi ngqungquthela, okanye ukongeza enye i-coating. Ukuqiniswa kweplastiki, imilinganiselo ingasuswa ngobushushu okanye iikhemikhali kunye ne-agent edibeneyo ifakwe. Ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa, amalaphu kufuneka aphathwe ubushushu ukususa iisayizi kunye nokuseta i-weave. Iingubo zesiseko sedayi zifakwa phambi kokuba zife okanye ziprintwe.

Ukubumba kwiimilo

Iimveliso zeFiberglass ziza kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo, ezenziwe kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukugqunywa kombhobho we-fiberglass kufakwa kwiifom ezinjengentonga ezibizwa ngokuba yi-mandrels ngokuthe ngqo kwiiyunithi zokubumba, ngaphambi kokunyanga. Ukungunda, ubude obuziisentimitha ezingama-91 okanye ngaphantsi, bunyangwa kwi-oveni. Ubude obunyangisiweyo buthi ke buncitshiswe ngobude, kwaye busengwe ngokwemilinganiselo ethile. Ukujongana kusetyenziswa ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye imveliso ipakishwe ukuthunyelwa.

Ulawulo lwemeko

Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwe-fiberglass insulation, imathiriyeli ithathwa njengesampuli kwiindawo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokugcina umgangatho. Ezi ndawo zibandakanya: ibhetshi exutyiweyo ifakwa kwisinyibilikisi sombane; iglasi etyhidiweyo evela kwi-bushing etyisa i-fiberizer; Ifiber yeglasi ephuma kumatshini wefiberizer; kunye nemveliso yokugqibela ephilisiwe evela ekupheleni komgca wemveliso. Iisampulu zeglasi kunye neesampulu zefayibha zihlalutyelwe ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye nobukho beziphene kusetyenziswa uhlalutyi lweekhemikhali eziphucukileyo kunye neemicroscopes. Ukuhanjiswa kobungakanani be-particle ye-batch material ifunyenwe ngokugqithiswa kwezinto ngenani leesifu ezahlukeneyo. Imveliso yokugqibela ilinganiswa ubukhulu emva kokupakishwa ngokweenkcukacha. Ukutshintsha kobunzima bubonisa ukuba umgangatho weglasi ungaphantsi komgangatho.

Abavelisi be-Insulation ye-Fiberglass basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo olusemgangathweni ukulinganisa, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nokwandisa imveliso yokuxhathisa i-acoustical, ukufunxa isandi, kunye nokusebenza komqobo wesandi. Iipropati ze-acoustical zingalawulwa ngokulungelelanisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zemveliso njengedayamitha yefayibha, ubuninzi bobuninzi, ubukhulu, kunye nomxholo we-binder. Indlela efanayo isetyenziselwa ukulawula iimpawu ze-thermal.

Ngelixa elizayo

Ishishini le-fiberglass lijongene nemiceli mngeni emikhulu kuyo yonke i-1990s nangaphaya. Inani labavelisi be-fiberglass insulation liye landa ngenxa ye-subsidiaries yaseMelika yeenkampani zangaphandle kunye nokuphuculwa kwemveliso ngabavelisi base-US. Oku kubangele umthamo ogqithisileyo, apho urhwebo lwangoku kunye mhlawumbi lwexesha elizayo lungenako ukukwazi ukumelana nalo.

Ukongeza kumthamo ongaphezulu, ezinye izinto zokugquma ziya kukhuphisana. Uboya bamatye busetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngenxa yenkqubo yakutshanje kunye nokuphuculwa kwemveliso. Ukugquma amagwebu yenye enye indlela yefiberglass kwiindonga zokuhlala kunye nophahla lwentengiso. Enye into ekhuphisanayo yi-cellulose, esetyenziswa kwi-attic insulation.

Ngenxa yemfuno ephantsi yokugquma ngenxa yemarike yezindlu ezithambileyo, abathengi bafuna amaxabiso aphantsi. Le mfuno ikwasisiphumo sendlela eqhubekayo yokumanyanisa abathengisi kunye neekontraka. Ukuphendula, ishishini lokugquma i-fiberglass kuya kufuneka liqhubeke nokunciphisa iindleko kwiindawo ezimbini ezinkulu: amandla kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kuya kufuneka kusetyenziswe iziko elisebenza ngakumbi elingathembeli kumthombo omnye wamandla.

Ngeendawo zokulahla inkunkuma ezifikelela kumthamo omkhulu, abavelisi beglasi ye-fiberglass kuya kufuneka bafezekise phantse i-zero yemveliso kwinkunkuma eqinileyo ngaphandle kokunyuka kweendleko. Oku kuya kufuna ukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zokwenziwa kwenkunkuma ukunciphisa inkunkuma (kwinkunkuma yolwelo nerhasi ngokunjalo) kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma naphi na apho kunokwenzeka.

Inkunkuma elolo hlobo inokufuna ukusetyenzwa ngokutsha kunye nokunyibilikiswa kwakhona phambi kokuba isetyenziswe kwakhona njengento ekrwada. Abavelisi abaninzi sele bejongana nale miba.