Fiberglass inogadzirwa sei?

Fiberglass inoreva boka rezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa kubva kune yega girazi fiber yakasanganiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. Girazi fibers inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru zvichienderana neiyo geometry yavo: inoenderera fibers inoshandiswa mushinda uye machira, uye discontinuous (pfupi) fibers inoshandiswa semabheti, magumbeze, kana mapuranga ekudzivirira uye kusefa. Fiberglass inogona kuumbwa kuita shinda yakafanana nemvere dzemakwai kana donje, uye yakarukwa kuita jira iro dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kudhirowa. Fiberglass machira anowanzo kushandiswa sechinhu chekusimbisa kune akaumbwa uye laminated plastiki. Fiberglass wool, gobvu, fluffy zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva discontinuous fibers, inoshandiswa pakupisa kwekushisa uye kunyudza inzwi. Inowanzowanikwa muchikepe uye pasi pemvura bulkheads uye hulls; mota injini makamuri uye muviri mapaneru liners; muchoto uye zvikwata zvekugadzirisa mhepo; acoustical wall uye ceiling panels; uye mapurani ezvivakwa. Fiberglass inogona kugadziridzwa kune chaiyo maapplication akadai Type E (yemagetsi), inoshandiswa semagetsi ekudzivirira tepi, machira uye kusimbisa; Type C (kemikari), ine superior acid resistance, uye Type T, yekuvharisa kupisa.

Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwekutengesa kwegirazi fiber kuchangopfuura, mhizha dzakagadzira tambo dzegirazi dzekushongedza mabhodhoro nemavhasi panguva yeRenaissance. Imwe nyanzvi yefizikisi yokuFrance, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, akagadzira micheka yakashongedzwa netambo dzegirazi dzakanaka muna 1713, uye vagadziri veBritain vakatevedzera izvi muna 1822. Mumwe muruki wesilika wokuBritain akagadzira jira regirazi muna 1842, uye mumwe mugadziri, Edward Libbey, akaratidza chipfeko chakarukwa chegirazi pa1893 Columbian Exposition muChicago.

Girazi shinda, huturu hwefibisi husinga peri muhurefu hwaive husina kurongeka, hwakatanga kugadzirwa muEurope pakutanga kwezana ramakore, pachishandiswa nzira yaisanganisira kudhirowa mafiibhi kubva pamatanda akachinjika kuenda kungoma inotenderera. Makumi emakore anoverengeka gare gare, nzira yekutenderera yakagadzirwa uye yakabvumirwa. Glass fiber insulating material yakagadzirwa muGermany munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Tsvagiridzo nebudiriro yakanangana nekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwemagirazi fibers yakafambira mberi muUnited States muma1930s, ichitungamirwa nemakambani makuru maviri, Owens-Illinois Glass Company neCorning Glass. Mabasa. Makambani aya akagadzira faibha yakanaka, inochinjika, ine mutengo wakaderera nekudhirowa girazi rakanyungudutswa kuburikidza nekwakanaka kwazvo. Muna 1938, makambani maviri aya akabatanidzwa kuti aite Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp. Iye zvino anongozivikanwa seOwens-Corning, yava $3-bhiriyoni-a-gore kambani, uye ari mutungamiri mumusika wefiberglass.

Raw Materials

Izvo zvakakosha zvekushandisa zvefiberglass zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechisikigo zvicherwa uye makemikari anogadzirwa. Zvikuru zvinosanganisa ijecha resilica, limestone, uye soda ash. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kusanganisira calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, uye kaolin ivhu, pakati pevamwe. Silika jecha rinoshandiswa segirazi rekare, uye soda ash uye limestone zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kudzikisa tembiricha yekunyungudika. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa kuvandudza zvimwe zvivakwa, senge borax yemakemikari kuramba. Girazi remarara, rinodaidzwawo kuti cullet, rinoshandiswawo sechinhu chakabikwa. Iyo mbishi inofanira kuyerwa zvine huremu muhuwandu chaihwo uye yakanyatso kusanganiswa pamwe chete (inonzi batching) isati yanyungudutswa mugirazi.

The Manufacturing
Process

Melting

Kana batch yagadzirwa, inodyiswa muchoto chekunyunguduka. Choto chinogona kupiswa nemagetsi, fossil fuel, kana musanganiswa wezviviri. Tembiricha inofanira kunyatsodzorwa kuchengetedza girazi rakatsetseka, rakatsiga kuyerera. Girazi rakanyungudutswa rinofanira kuchengetedzwa patembiricha yepamusoro (inenge 2500°F [1371°C]) kupfuura mamwe marudzi egirazi kuti rive faibha. Kana girazi richinge ranyungudutswa, rinotamirwa kumidziyo yekugadzira kuburikidza negwara (forehearth) riri pamagumo echoto.

Kugadzira kuita fiber

Maitiro akati wandei anoshandiswa kugadzira fiber, zvichienderana nerudzi rwefiber. Machira anogona kugadzirwa kubva mugirazi rakanyungudutswa rakananga muchoto, kana kuti girazi rakanyungudutswa rinogona kutanga rapihwa muchina unoumba marabhu egirazi anosvika 0,62 inch (1.6 cm) muhupamhi. Mabhura aya anobvumira girazi kuti riongororwe nekuona kusachena. Mune zvose zvakanyunguduka uye marble melt process, girazi kana girazi marbles anodyiswa kuburikidza nemagetsi anopisa bushings (anonziwo spinnerets). Iyo bushing inogadzirwa neplatinamu kana simbi alloy, ine chero kubva pa200 kusvika 3,000 yakanaka kwazvo orifices. Girazi rakanyungudutswa rinopfuura nemumimiriro uye rinobuda semafilamenti akatsetseka.

Kuenderera mberi-filament process

Iyo yakareba, inoenderera fiber fiber inogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza neinoenderera-filament process. Mushure mokunge girazi richiyerera mumakomba mubhushi, tambo dzakawanda dzinobatwa pamusoro pemhepo inomhanya. Mhepo inotenderera ingangoita mamaira maviri (3 km) paminiti, inokurumidza kupfuura mwero wekuyerera kubva mumakwenzi. Makakatanwa acho anoburitsa tambo ichiri kunyunguduka, ichigadzira tambo chidimbu chedhayamita yemaburi ari mugwenzi. Kemikari binder inoiswa, iyo inobatsira kuti fiber isatyoke panguva yekuzogadziriswa. Iyo filament inozoiswa pamachubhu. Iye zvino inogona kumonwa uye kupfekedzwa kuita shinda.

Staple-fiber process

Imwe nzira ndeye staplefiber process. Sezvo girazi rakanyungudutswa richiyerera nomumakwenzi, jeti dzemhepo dzinokurumidza kutonhodza filaments. Mhepo ine mhirizhonga inovhuvhutawo mafilaments kuita hurefu hwe8-15 inches (20-38 cm). Mitsara iyi inowira nepfapfaidzo yemafuta padhiramu rinotenderera, painoumba dandemutande rakatetepa. Dandemutande rinodhonzwa kubva padhiramu rodhonzerwa mutambo inopfuurira yeshinda dzakasununguka dzakabatanidzwa. Tandi iyi inogona kugadziriswa kuita shinda nenzira imwechete inoshandiswa kugadzira makushe nedonje.

Fiber yakachekwa

Panzvimbo pokuumbwa kuita shinda, tambo inopfuurira kana kuti yakareba-staple inogona kudimburirwa kuita hurefu hupfupi. Tambo yacho inoiswa pamabhobhini, inonzi creel, uye inodhonzwa nemuchina unoicheka kuita zvidimbu zvipfupi. Fiber yakachekwa inoumbwa kuita mameti ayo anosungirirwa. Mushure mekubika muchoto, meti inopetwa. Huremu hwakasiyana-siyana uye hukobvu hunopa zvigadzirwa zvema shingles, denga rakavakwa, kana mateti ekushongedza.

Girazi mvere

Iyo rotary kana spinner process inoshandiswa kugadzira girazi makushe. Mukuita uku, girazi rakanyungudutswa kubva muchoto rinoyerera richipinda mugaba recylindrical rine maburi madiki. Sezvo mudziyo unotenderera nekukurumidza, hova dzegirazi dzakachinjika dzinoyerera dzichibuda mumakomba. Hova dzegirazi dzakanyungudutswa dzinoshandurwa kuita faibha nekudzika kwemhepo, gasi rinopisa, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Fiber dzacho dzinowira pabhandi rekutakura, kwadzinopindirana muhuremu hwefleecy. Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kuvharisa, kana makushe anogona kupfapfaidzwa nebhainda, kudzvanywa muhukobvu hunodiwa, uye kuporeswa muovheni. Kupisa kunoseta binder, uye chigadzirwa chinogona kunge chakaoma kana semi-rigid board, kana batt inochinjika.

Zvivharo zvekudzivirira

Pamusoro pezvisungo, mamwe machira anodiwa kune zvigadzirwa zvefiberglass. Mafuta ekuzora anoshandiswa kuderedza fiber abrasion uye anogona kupfapfaidzwa zvakananga pafayibha kana kuwedzerwa mubhainda. Iyo anti-static kuumbwa zvakare dzimwe nguva inopfapfaidzwa pamusoro pefiberglass insulation mats panguva yekutonhora nhanho. Mhepo inotonhorera inodhonzwa nepameti inoita kuti anti-static agent ipinde mukati mehukobvu hwese hwemeti. Iyo anti-static agent ine zvinhu zviviri-chinhu chinoderedza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi akamira, uye chinhu chinoshanda se corrosion inhibitor uye stabilizer.Sizing chero coating inoshandiswa kune textile fiber pakuumba, uye inogona kunge iine imwe kana zvimwe zvinoriumba (mafuta ekuzora, mabhainda, kana ma-coupling agents). Zvisungo zvekubatanidza zvinoshandiswa pazvisungo zvichashandiswa kusimbisa mapurasitiki, kusimbisa chisungo kune zvakasimbiswa zvinhu.Dzimwe nguva basa rekupedzisa rinodiwa kuti ribvise zvipfeko izvi, kana kuwedzera imwe jira. Zvekusimbisa epurasitiki, saizi inogona kubviswa nekupisa kana makemikari uye mumiriri wekubatanidza akaiswa. Zvekushongedza zvikumbiro, machira anofanirwa kunge achipiswa kuti abvise masaizi uye kuseta weave. Dye base coatings inozoiswa isati yafa kana kudhinda.

Kuumba maumbirwo

Zvigadzirwa zveFiberglass zvinouya mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, dzakagadzirwa uchishandisa akati wandei maitiro. Semuyenzaniso, fiberglass pombi insulation inoroverwa pamatanda-akaita mafomu anonzi mandrels akananga kubva kumayuniti ekugadzira, asati apora. Zviumbwa zvacho, pakureba kwemafiti matatu (91 cm) kana kuti pasi, zvinozoporeswa muovheni. Hurefu hwakarapirwa hunobva hwaumbwa kureba, uye kuchekwa kuita zviyero zvakatarwa. Zviso zvinoiswa kana zvichidikanwa, uye chigadzirwa chinoputirwa kuti chitumirwe.

Quality Control

Munguva yekugadzirwa kwefiberglass insulation, zvinhu zvinotorwa kune dzinoverengeka nzvimbo mukuita kuchengetedza mhando. Idzi nzvimbo dzinosanganisira: batch yakasanganiswa iri kupihwa kune iyo magetsi melter; girazi rakanyungudutswa kubva mugwenzi rinodyisa fiberizer; girazi faibha inobuda mumushini wefiberizer; uye chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chakarapwa chinobuda kubva kumagumo emutsara wekugadzira. Iyo yakawanda girazi uye faibha samples inoongororwa kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye kuvepo kwekukanganisa uchishandisa sophisticated makemikari analyzer uye maikorosikopu. Particle saizi yekugovera yebatch zvinhu inowanikwa nekupfuudza zvinhu kuburikidza nenhamba dzakasiyana siyana saizi sieves. Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chinoyerwa ukobvu mushure mekurongedza zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa. Shanduko yehukobvu inoratidza kuti girazi kunaka kuri pazasi peyero.

Vagadziri vefiberglass insulation vanoshandisawo akasiyana siyana akamisikidzwa bvunzo maitiro kuyera, kugadzirisa, uye optimize chigadzirwa acoustical kuramba, kunyura mutsindo, uye kurira kwemutinhimira kuita. Iyo acoustical properties inogona kudzorwa nekugadzirisa madhirigi ekugadzira akadai sefiber diameter, bulk density, ukobvu, uye binder zvirimo. Nzira yakafanana inoshandiswa kudzora zvinhu zvinopisa.

Ramangwana

Indasitiri yefiberglass inotarisana nemamwe matambudziko makuru pamusoro pemamwe ma1990 uye mberi. Huwandu hwevagadziri ve fiberglass insulation yakawedzera nekuda kweAmerican subsidiaries yemakambani ekunze uye kuvandudzwa kwechigadzirwa nevagadziri veUS. Izvi zvakakonzera kuwanda kwehuwandu, iyo yazvino uye pamwe yeramangwana musika haugone kugamuchira.

Kuwedzera kune yakawandisa huwandu, zvimwe zvekudzivirira zvinhu zvinokwikwidza. Rock wool yave kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvichangobva kuitika uye kuvandudzwa kwechigadzirwa. Foam insulation ndiyo imwe nzira kune fiberglass mumadziro ekugara uye matenga ekutengesa. Chimwe chinhu chinokwikwidza i cellulose, iyo inoshandiswa muattic insulation.

Nekuda kwekushomeka kwekudzikira nekuda kwemusika wakapfava wedzimba, vatengi vari kuda mitengo yakaderera. Kudiwa uku zvakare mhedzisiro yekuenderera mberi kwemaitiro ekubatanidzwa kwevatengesi nemakondirakiti. Mukupindura, iyo fiberglass insulation indasitiri ichafanirwa kuenderera mberi nekucheka mitengo munzvimbo mbiri huru: simba uye nharaunda. Mavira anonyatso shanda achafanira kushandiswa asingatsamiri pane chimwe chete chinobva simba.

Nemarapi emarara anosvika pakukwana, vagadziri vefiberglass vachafanirwa kuwana zero kuburitsa pamarara pasina kuwedzera mitengo. Izvi zvinoda kuvandudza nzira dzekugadzira kuderedza marara (yemvura uye gasi tsvina zvakare) uye kushandisazve marara pese pazvinogoneka.

Tsvina yakadai ingada kugadziridzwa uye kunyungudutswa zvakare isati yashandiswa zvakare seyakagadzirwa. Vagadziri vakati wandei vari kutogadzirisa nyaya idzi.