Kodi Fiberglass imapangidwa bwanji?

Fiberglass imatanthawuza gulu lazinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wagalasi womwe umaphatikizidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ulusi wagalasi ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu malinga ndi geometry yawo: ulusi wosalekeza womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ulusi ndi nsalu, ndi ulusi wolekanitsa (waufupi) womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mileme, zofunda, kapena matabwa otsekemera ndi kusefa. Magalasi a fiberglass amatha kupangidwa kukhala ulusi ngati ubweya kapena thonje, ndipo amalukidwa munsalu yomwe nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga draperies. Nsalu za magalasi a fiberglass amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati zida zolimbikitsira mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi laminated. Ubweya wa Fiberglass, wokhuthala, wonyezimira wopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wosapitilira, umagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekereza matenthedwe ndi kuyamwa kwamawu. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'sitima zapamadzi ndi zam'madzi zam'madzi zazikulu ndi zombo; zipinda zama injini zamagalimoto ndi zomangira thupi; mu ng'anjo ndi mayunitsi mpweya; ma acoustical khoma ndi denga mapanelo; ndi magawo a zomangamanga. Magalasi a fiberglass amatha kupangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera monga Mtundu E (magetsi), ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tepi yotchingira magetsi, nsalu ndi kulimbikitsa; Mtundu C (mankhwala), womwe umalimbana kwambiri ndi asidi, ndi mtundu T, woteteza kutentha.

Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi kumagwiritsa ntchito magalasi posachedwa, amisiri adapanga zingwe zamagalasi kuti azikongoletsa zikho ndi miphika mu nthawi ya Renaissance. Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya sayansi ya ku France, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, anapanga nsalu zokongoletsedwa ndi magalasi abwino kwambiri m’chaka cha 1713, ndipo akatswiri a ku Britain anachitanso zinthu zofanana ndi zimenezi mu 1822. Wowomba silika wa ku Britain anapanga nsalu yagalasi mu 1842, ndipo katswiri wina, Edward Libbey, anasonyeza chithunzithunzi cha nsalu. chovala cholukidwa ndi galasi ku 1893 Columbian Exposition ku Chicago.

Ubweya wagalasi, ulusi wonyezimira wosapitirira utali wokhazikika, unapangidwa koyamba ku Ulaya chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe inkaphatikizapo kujambula ulusi kuchokera ku ndodo mopingasa kupita ku ng'oma yozungulira. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, njira yozungulira idapangidwa ndikuvomerezedwa. Zida zotetezera magalasi zinapangidwa ku Germany pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chokhudza kupanga mafakitale a ulusi wagalasi chinapita patsogolo ku United States m'ma 1930, motsogozedwa ndi makampani awiri akuluakulu, Owens-Illinois Glass Company ndi Corning Glass. Ntchito. Makampaniwa adapanga ulusi wamagalasi wabwino, wowongoka, wotsika mtengo pojambula magalasi osungunuka kudzera m'mipanda yabwino kwambiri. Mu 1938, makampani awiriwa adagwirizana kuti apange Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Panopa amadziwika kuti Owens-Corning, wakhala kampani ya $ 3 biliyoni pachaka, ndipo ndi mtsogoleri pamsika wa fiberglass.

Zida zogwiritsira ntchito

Zopangira zopangira zopangira magalasi a fiberglass ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere wachilengedwe komanso mankhwala opangidwa. Zosakaniza zazikulu ndi mchenga wa silika, miyala yamchere, ndi phulusa la soda. Zosakaniza zina zingaphatikizepo calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, ndi dongo la kaolin, pakati pa ena. Mchenga wa silika umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galasi lakale, ndipo phulusa la soda ndi miyala ya laimu zimathandiza makamaka kuchepetsa kutentha. Zosakaniza zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zinthu zina, monga borax polimbana ndi mankhwala. Magalasi otayira, omwe amatchedwanso cullet, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira. Zopangira ziyenera kuyezedwa mozama mu kuchuluka kwake ndikusakaniza bwino (kutchedwa batching) musanasungunuke mu galasi.

The Manufacturing
Njira

Kusungunuka

Gululo likakonzedwa, limayikidwa mu ng'anjo kuti lisungunuke. Ng'anjoyo imatha kuwotchedwa ndi magetsi, mafuta oyaka, kapena kuphatikiza ziwirizi. Kutentha kuyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino kuti magalasi asayende bwino. Galasi losungunuka liyenera kusungidwa pamalo otentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 2500 ° F [1371 ° C]) kuposa magalasi amitundu ina kuti apangidwe kukhala fiber. Galasiyo ikasungunuka, imasamutsidwa ku zida zopangira kudzera pa njira (yotsogolera) yomwe ili kumapeto kwa ng'anjo.

Kupanga ulusi

Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi, kutengera mtundu wa ulusi. Ulusi wansalu ukhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku magalasi osungunuka kuchokera ku ng'anjo, kapena galasi losungunuka likhoza kudyetsedwa kaye ndi makina omwe amapanga mabulosi agalasi pafupifupi masentimita 1.6 m'mimba mwake. Miyala imeneyi imalola galasi kuti liyang'anitsidwe ndi zonyansa. Mu njira zonse zosungunula zachindunji ndi miyala ya marble, magalasi kapena miyala ya magalasi imadyetsedwa kudzera muzitsulo zotenthedwa ndi magetsi (zomwe zimatchedwanso spinnerets). Chomeracho chimapangidwa ndi platinamu kapena aloyi yachitsulo, yokhala ndi ma orifices abwino kwambiri kuyambira 200 mpaka 3,000. Galasi losungunuka limadutsa m'mphepete mwake ndikutuluka ngati ulusi wabwino.

Njira yopitilira-filament

Chingwe chachitali, chosalekeza chimatha kupangidwa kudzera munjira yopitilira-filament. Galasiyo ikadutsa m'mabowo a tchire, zingwe zambiri zimagwidwa pamphepo yothamanga kwambiri. Chimphepocho chimazungulira pafupifupi makilomita atatu (3 km) pa mphindi imodzi, kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa kuthamanga kwa tchire. Kukanganako kumatulutsa ulusiwo ukadali wosungunuka, kupanga zingwe kachigawo kakang'ono ka m'mimba mwake mwa zitseko za tchire. Chomangira chamankhwala chimayikidwa, chomwe chimathandiza kuti ulusiwo usasweke pakakonzedwanso pambuyo pake. Kenako ulusiwo umakulungidwa pamachubu. Tsopano akhoza kupindika ndi kukulungidwa mu ulusi.

Njira ya Staple-fiber

Njira ina ndiyo njira ya staplefiber. Pamene magalasi osungunuka akuyenda m'zitsamba, majeti a mpweya amaziziritsa mofulumira ulusiwo. Kuphulika kwa mphepo yamkuntho kumathyolanso ulusiwo kukhala utali wa mainchesi 8-15 (20-38 cm). Timinofu timeneti timagwera m'ng'oma yozungulira, yomwe imapanga ukonde wopyapyala. Ukonde umakokedwa kuchokera ku ng'oma ndikukokera mu ulusi wosalekeza wa ulusi wosakanikirana. Ulusi uwu ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala ulusi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ubweya ndi thonje.

CHIKWANGWANI chodulidwa

M’malo mopangidwa kukhala ulusi, chingwe chopitirira kapena chachitalicho chikhoza kudulidwa kukhala chachifupi. Chingwecho chimayikidwa pagulu la ma bobbins, otchedwa creel, ndipo amakoka pamakina omwe amawadula kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono. Ulusi wodulidwawo umapangidwa kukhala mphasa zomwe zimamangirirapo. Pambuyo pochiritsa mu uvuni, mphasayo imakulungidwa. Zolemera zosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana zimapereka zinthu zopangira ma shingles, zofolera, kapena mphasa zokongoletsa.

Ubweya wagalasi

Njira ya rotary kapena spinner imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ubweya wagalasi. Pochita izi, magalasi osungunuka ochokera kung'anjo amalowa mu chidebe cha cylindrical chokhala ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Pamene chidebe chimazungulira mofulumira, mitsinje yopingasa ya galasi imatuluka m'mabowo. Mitsinje ya galasi yosungunuka imasandulika ulusi ndi kuphulika kwa mpweya, mpweya wotentha, kapena zonse ziwiri. Ulusiwo umagwera pa lamba wolumikizira, pomwe amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mumtundu waubweya. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsekereza, kapena ubweya ukhoza kuwapopera ndi chomangira, kukanikizidwa mu makulidwe omwe mukufuna, ndikuchiritsidwa mu uvuni. Kutentha kumayika chomangira, ndipo zotsatira zake zimatha kukhala bolodi lolimba kapena lolimba, kapena batt yosinthika.

Zophimba zoteteza

Kuphatikiza pa zomangira, zokutira zina zimafunikira pazinthu za fiberglass. Mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa fiber ndipo amapopera mwachindunji pazitsulo kapena kuwonjezeredwa mu binder. Kapangidwe ka anti-static nthawi zina kumapopera pamwamba pa mateti otsekera a fiberglass panthawi yozizira. Mpweya wozizira wokokedwa pamphasa umapangitsa kuti anti-static agent alowe mu makulidwe onse a mphasa. The anti-static agent imakhala ndi zinthu ziwiri-zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa kubadwa kwa magetsi osasunthika, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ngati zowonongeka komanso zokhazikika. zowonjezera zowonjezera (mafuta, zomangira, kapena zolumikizira). Zogwirizanitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazingwe zomwe zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa mapulasitiki, kulimbitsa mgwirizano kuzinthu zolimbikitsidwa.Nthawi zina ntchito yomaliza imafunika kuchotsa zokutira izi, kapena kuwonjezera zokutira zina. Pazowonjezera za pulasitiki, ma sizengs amatha kuchotsedwa ndi kutentha kapena mankhwala ndikuyika cholumikizira. Pazokongoletsera, nsalu ziyenera kutenthedwa kuti zichotse masing'ono ndikuyika zoluka. Zopaka pansi za utoto zimayikidwa musanafe kapena kusindikiza.

Kupanga mawonekedwe

Zogulitsa za fiberglass zimabwera mosiyanasiyana, zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kutchinjiriza kwa chitoliro cha fiberglass kumakulungidwa pamitundu yonga ndodo yotchedwa mandrels mwachindunji kuchokera kumagulu opangira, asanawachiritse. Chikombolecho, chotalika masentimita 91 kapena kucheperapo, chimachizidwa mu uvuni. Utali wochiritsidwawo umadulidwa motalika, ndikuchekedwa mu miyeso yodziwika. Zoyang'anani zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pakufunika, ndipo mankhwalawa amapakidwa kuti atumizidwe.

Kuwongolera Kwabwino

Pakupanga kusungunula kwa fiberglass, zinthu zimatengedwa m'malo angapo kuti zisungidwe bwino. Malowa akuphatikizapo: gulu losakanikirana likudyetsedwa ku chosungunula chamagetsi; galasi losungunuka kuchokera ku tchire lomwe limadyetsa fiberizer; Ulusi wagalasi wotuluka mu makina a fiberizer; ndi mankhwala ochiritsidwa omaliza omwe akutuluka kumapeto kwa mzere wopanga. Magalasi ochuluka ndi zitsanzo za ulusi amawunikidwa kuti adziwe momwe zimapangidwira komanso kukhalapo kwa zolakwika pogwiritsa ntchito makina osanthula amphamvu ndi maikulosikopu. Kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumapezeka podutsa zinthuzo kudzera mu sieve zingapo zazikulu. Chomaliza chimayezedwa chifukwa cha makulidwe mutatha kulongedza molingana ndi zomwe mukufuna. Kusintha kwa makulidwe kumasonyeza kuti khalidwe la galasi lili pansi pa muyezo.

Opanga magalasi opangira ma fiberglass amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zingapo zoyeserera zoyezera, kusintha, ndi kukhathamiritsa kamvekedwe kazinthu, kuyamwa kwamawu, komanso magwiridwe antchito amawu. Mphamvu zamayimbidwe zitha kuwongoleredwa posintha masinthidwe opangidwa monga fiber diameter, kuchuluka kwachulukidwe, makulidwe, ndi zomangira. Njira yofananayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira katundu wa kutentha.

Tsogolo

Makampani opanga magalasi a fiberglass amakumana ndi zovuta zina muzaka zonse za 1990s ndi kupitilira apo. Chiwerengero cha omwe amapanga zosungunulira magalasi a fiberglass chawonjezeka chifukwa cha mabungwe aku America amakampani akunja komanso kusintha kwa zokolola ndi opanga aku US. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwakukulu, komwe msika wapano komanso mwina wamtsogolo sungathe kupirira.

Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwamphamvu, zida zina zotchinjiriza zidzapikisana. Ubweya wamwala wagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha njira zaposachedwa komanso kusintha kwazinthu. Kutsekemera kwa thovu ndi njira ina yosinthira magalasi a fiberglass m'makoma okhala ndi madenga amalonda. Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimapikisana ndi cellulose, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekera m'chipinda chapamwamba.

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa kutchinjiriza chifukwa cha msika wofewa wanyumba, ogula amafuna mitengo yotsika. Kufunaku kumabweranso chifukwa cha kupitilizabe kuphatikizika kwa ogulitsa ndi makontrakitala. Poyankha, makampani opanga magalasi a fiberglass akuyenera kupitiliza kuchepetsa ndalama m'magawo awiri akulu: mphamvu ndi chilengedwe. Padzayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ng'anjo zogwira mtima kwambiri zomwe sizidalira gwero limodzi lokha la mphamvu.

Ndi zotayiramo zomwe zikufika pachimake, opanga magalasi a fiberglass ayenera kukwaniritsa pafupifupi ziro pazinyalala zolimba popanda kuchulukitsa mtengo. Izi zidzafunika kuwongolera njira zopangira kuti zichepetse zinyalala (zamadzimadzi ndi gasi) ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala ngati kuli kotheka.

Zinyalala zotere zingafunike kukonzanso ndi kusungunulanso musanazigwiritsenso ntchito ngati zopangira. Opanga angapo akuthana kale ndi izi.