Fiberglass ua li cas?

Fiberglass yog hais txog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg iav fibers ua ke rau hauv ntau hom. Cov iav fibers tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj raws li lawv cov geometry: cov fibers txuas ntxiv siv hauv cov xov paj thiab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov khoom siv tsis tu ncua (luv luv) fibers siv los ua batts, pam vov, lossis boards rau rwb thaiv tsev thiab pom. Fiberglass tuaj yeem tsim rau hauv cov xov paj zoo li ntaub plaub lossis paj rwb, thiab xaws rau hauv cov ntaub uas qee zaum siv rau draperies. Fiberglass textiles feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv rau cov yas molded thiab laminated. Fiberglass wool, tuab, fluffy khoom ua los ntawm cov fibers tsis tu ncua, yog siv rau thermal rwb thaiv tsev thiab suab haum. Nws yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv nkoj thiab submarine bulkheads thiab hulls; tsheb cav compartments thiab lub cev vaj huam sib luag liners; nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab cua txias chav; acoustical phab ntsa thiab qab nthab panels; thiab architectural partitions. Fiberglass tuaj yeem hloov kho rau cov kev siv tshwj xeeb xws li Hom E (hluav taws xob), siv los ua hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev daim kab xev, textiles thiab kev txhawb nqa; Hom C (tshuaj), uas muaj cov kua qaub zoo dua, thiab Hom T, rau thermal rwb thaiv tsev.

Txawm hais tias kev lag luam siv cov iav fiber ntau tsis ntev los no, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau tsim cov iav strands rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj goblets thiab vases thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance. Ib tug Fabkis physicist Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, tsim textiles decorated nrog zoo iav strands nyob rau hauv 1713, thiab British inventors duplicated lub feat nyob rau hauv 1822. Ib tug British silk weaver ua ib lub iav ntaub nyob rau hauv 1842, thiab lwm inventor, Edward Libbey, nthuav tawm ib Hnav khaub ncaws ntawm iav ntawm 1893 Columbian Exposition hauv Chicago.

Cov iav ntaub plaub, ib qho fluffy loj ntawm cov fiber ntau tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv qhov ntev ntev, yog thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua, siv cov txheej txheem uas koom nrog kev kos duab fibers los ntawm rods horizontally mus rau lub nruas revolving. Ob peb xyoo tom qab ntawd, ib txoj kev spinning tau tsim thiab patented. Cov iav fiber ntau insulating khoom yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thaum lub sij hawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob tsom rau kev tsim cov iav fibers tau nce hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1930, raws li kev coj ntawm ob lub tuam txhab loj, Owens-Illinois Glass Company thiab Corning Glass. Ua haujlwm. Cov tuam txhab no tsim cov iav fiber ntau zoo, pliable, tus nqi qis los ntawm kev kos cov iav molten los ntawm cov orifices zoo heev. Xyoo 1938, ob lub tuam txhab no tau koom ua ke los tsim Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Tam sim no tsuas yog hu ua Owens-Corning, nws tau dhau los ua $ 3-billion-ib-xyoo tuam txhab, thiab yog tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam fiberglass.

Cov khoom siv raw

Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv fiberglass yog ntau yam khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab tsim cov tshuaj. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb yog silica xuab zeb, limestone, thiab dej qab zib tshauv. Lwm cov khoom xyaw muaj xws li calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, thiab kaolin av nplaum, thiab lwm yam. Silica xuab zeb yog siv los ua lub khob qub, thiab dej qab zib tshauv thiab limestone pab feem ntau kom txo qhov kub thiab txias. Lwm cov khoom xyaw yog siv los txhim kho qee yam khoom, xws li borax rau tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov iav khib nyiab, tseem hu ua cullet, kuj yog siv los ua cov khoom siv raw. Cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ntsuas qhov ntau thiab sib xyaw ua ke (hu ua batching) ua ntej yuav yaj rau hauv iav.

Kev tsim khoom
Txheej txheem

Melting

Thaum lub batch yog npaj, nws yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub qhov cub rau melting. Lub cub tawg tuaj yeem ua kom sov los ntawm hluav taws xob, roj fossil, lossis kev sib xyaw ntawm ob. Qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas kom meej kom muaj kev sib tw, khov kho ntawm iav. Cov iav molten yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm qhov kub siab dua (kwv yees li 2500 ° F [1371 ° C]) dua li lwm hom iav thiaj li yuav tsim tau fiber ntau. Thaum lub khob dhau los ua molten, nws raug xa mus rau cov cuab yeej tsim los ntawm cov channel (forehearth) nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov cub.

Sib sau ua fibers

Ntau cov txheej txheem sib txawv yog siv los tsim cov fibers, nyob ntawm seb hom fiber ntau. Textile fibers tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov iav molten ncaj qha los ntawm lub cub tawg, lossis cov iav molten yuav raug pub ua ntej rau lub tshuab uas tsim cov iav marbles txog 0.62 nti (1.6 cm) inch. Cov marbles no tso cai rau cov iav los kuaj pom qhov tsis pom kev. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ncaj qha yaj thiab marble yaj txheej txheem, cov iav los yog iav marbles yog pub los ntawm hluav taws xob rhuab bushings (tseem hu ua spinnerets). Lub bushing yog ua los ntawm platinum los yog hlau alloy, nyob qhov twg los ntawm 200 mus rau 3,000 zoo heev orifices. Cov iav molten dhau los ntawm cov orifices thiab tawm los ua cov filaments zoo.

Nruam-filament txheej txheem

Ntev ntev, txuas ntxiv fiber ntau tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv-filament. Tom qab lub iav ntws los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau hauv bushing, ntau strands raug ntes tau ntawm ib tug high-ceev winder. Lub winder revolves ntawm li 2 mais (3 km) ib feeb, sai npaum li tus nqi ntws los ntawm bushings. Lub nro rub tawm cov filaments thaum tseem molten, tsim cov strands ib feem ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov qhib hauv bushing. Ib qho tshuaj binder yog siv, uas yuav pab kom cov fiber ntau ntawm kev tawg thaum lub sij hawm tom qab ua. Tom qab ntawd lub filament tau raug mob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Tam sim no nws tuaj yeem twisted thiab plied rau hauv xov paj.

Staple-fiber txheej txheem

Lwm txoj kev yog cov txheej txheem staplefiber. Raws li cov iav molten ntws los ntawm cov bushings, dav hlau ntawm huab cua ceev ceev cov filaments. Lub turbulent bursts ntawm huab cua kuj tawg cov filaments mus rau hauv ntev ntawm 8-15 ntiv tes (20-38 cm). Cov filaments no poob los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag ntawm cov roj nplua nyeem mus rau lub nruas kiv, qhov chaw uas lawv tsim ib lub vev xaib nyias. Lub vev xaib yog rub los ntawm lub nruas thiab rub mus rau hauv ib qho txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm cov fibers xoob sib dhos. Cov strand no tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov xov paj los ntawm tib cov txheej txheem siv rau cov ntaub plaub thiab paj rwb.

Txiav fiber ntau

Es tsis txhob raug tsim rau hauv xov paj, qhov nruam los yog ntev-staple strand yuav raug txiav mus rau hauv luv luv. Lub strand yog mounted rau ntawm ib txheej ntawm bobbins, hu ua ib tug creel, thiab rub los ntawm lub tshuab uas chops rau hauv luv luv pieces. Lub chopped fiber yog tsim rau hauv mats, uas yog ntxiv ib binder. Tom qab kho hauv qhov cub, lub lev yog dov. Ntau qhov hnyav thiab thicknesses muab cov khoom rau shingles, ua-up ru tsev, los yog cov ntaub pua tsev zoo nkauj.

iav ntaub plaub

Cov txheej txheem rotary los yog spinner yog siv los ua iav ntaub plaub. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, molten iav los ntawm lub cub tawg ntws mus rau hauv ib lub thawv cylindrical uas muaj qhov me me. Raws li lub thawv nrawm nrawm, kab rov tav ntws ntawm iav ntws tawm ntawm lub qhov. Cov molten iav ntws yog hloov mus rau hauv fibers los ntawm ib tug downward moj tej tawg ntawm huab cua, kub gas, los yog ob qho tib si. Cov fibers poob mus rau ib txoj siv conveyor, qhov chaw uas lawv interlace nrog ib leeg nyob rau hauv ib tug fleecy huab hwm coj. Qhov no tuaj yeem siv rau kev rwb thaiv tsev, los yog cov ntaub plaub tuaj yeem txau nrog cov ntaub qhwv, compressed rau hauv qhov xav tau tuab, thiab kho hauv qhov cub. Lub tshav kub teeb tsa lub binder, thiab cov khoom tshwm sim tej zaum yuav yog ib lub rooj tsavxwm tsis zoo los yog ib nrab-rigid board, los yog hloov tau yooj yim batt.

Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv

Ntxiv nrog rau cov binders, lwm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj rau cov khoom siv fiberglass. Lubricants yog siv los txo cov fiber ntau abrasion thiab yog ncaj qha txau ntawm cov fiber ntau los yog ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv khi. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub kuj qee zaum txau rau saum npoo ntawm fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev mats thaum lub caij txias. Cov cua txias los ntawm lub lev ua rau tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv zoo li nkag mus rau tag nrho cov tuab ntawm lev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li qub muaj ob cov khoom xyaw - cov khoom siv uas txo qis kev tsim hluav taws xob zoo li qub, thiab cov khoom siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv corrosion thiab stabilizer.Sizing yog txheej txheej siv rau textile fibers hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ib lossis ntau yam khoom (lubricants, binders, los yog coupling agents). Coupling cov neeg sawv cev yog siv los ntawm cov hlua uas yuav siv rau cov yas reinforcing, los txhim kho cov ntawv cog lus rau cov khoom siv ntxiv.Qee zaum yuav tsum tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem kom tshem tawm cov txheej txheem no, lossis ntxiv lwm txheej. Rau cov yas reinforcements, sizings tej zaum yuav raug tshem tawm nrog tshav kub los yog tshuaj thiab siv ib tug coupling neeg sawv cev. Rau cov ntaub ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj, cov ntaub yuav tsum tau kho kom sov kom tshem tawm cov sizings thiab teeb tsa lub weave. Dye base coatings yog ces siv ua ntej tuag los yog luam ntawv.

Sib sau ua ke

Fiberglass cov khoom tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab, ua los ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, fiberglass yeeb nkab rwb thaiv tsev yog qhov txhab rau ntawm pas nrig-zoo li cov ntaub ntawv hu ua mandrels ncaj qha los ntawm kev tsim units, ua ntej kho. Cov ntaub ntawv pwm, qhov ntev ntawm 3 ko taw (91 cm) lossis tsawg dua, yog tom qab ntawd kho hauv qhov cub. Tom qab ntawd cov kab uas kho tau yog de-molded lengthwise, thiab sawn rau hauv qhov ntev. Facings yog siv yog tias xav tau, thiab cov khoom tau ntim rau kev xa khoom.

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev, cov khoom siv tau coj mus kuaj ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv cov txheej txheem kom tswj tau qhov zoo. Cov chaw no suav nrog: cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau pub rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob; molten iav los ntawm bushing uas pub lub fiberizer; iav fiber ntau tawm ntawm lub tshuab fiber ntau; thiab cov khoom kho zaum kawg tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov kab ntau lawm. Cov iav ntau thiab cov qauv fiber ntau tau tshuaj xyuas rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab muaj qhov tsis zoo siv cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov tshuab tsom. Particle loj tis ntawm cov khoom batch yog tau los ntawm kev hla cov khoom los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv me me sieves. Cov khoom kawg yog ntsuas rau thickness tom qab ntim raws li specifications. Ib qho kev hloov ntawm thickness qhia tias iav zoo yog qis dua tus qauv.

Fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev tuam ntxhab kuj siv ntau yam txheej txheem kev ntsuas ntsuas los ntsuas, kho, thiab ua kom zoo dua cov khoom acoustical tsis kam, suab nqus, thiab lub suab thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom acoustical tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev kho cov khoom sib txawv xws li fiber ntau txoj kab uas hla, bulk ntom, thickness, thiab cov ntsiab lus binder. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws yog siv los tswj cov khoom thermal.

Lub neej yav tom ntej

Kev lag luam fiberglass ntsib qee qhov teeb meem loj tshaj li ntawm 1990s thiab dhau mus. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev tau nce vim yog Asmeskas cov koom tes ntawm cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws thiab kev txhim kho cov khoom tsim los ntawm Asmeskas cov tuam txhab. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj peev xwm ntau dhau, uas tam sim no thiab tej zaum kev lag luam yav tom ntej tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.

Ntxiv rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntau dhau, lwm yam khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev yuav sib tw. Pob zeb wool tau siv dav vim tias cov txheej txheem tsis ntev los no thiab cov khoom txhim kho. Ua npuas ncauj rwb thaiv tsev yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau fiberglass hauv cov phab ntsa hauv tsev thiab cov ru tsev lag luam. Lwm cov khoom sib tw yog cellulose, uas yog siv rau hauv tsev rwb thaiv tsev.

Vim tias qhov kev thov qis rau rwb thaiv tsev vim yog lub khw muag khoom muag, cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tus nqi qis dua. Qhov kev thov no kuj yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv hauv kev sib sau ntawm cov khw muag khoom thiab cov neeg cog lus. Hauv kev teb, kev lag luam rwb thaiv tsev fiberglass yuav tsum tau txiav cov nqi txuas ntxiv hauv ob qhov loj: lub zog thiab ib puag ncig. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua yuav tsum tau siv uas tsis tso siab rau ib qho ntawm lub zog.

Nrog rau qhov chaw pov tseg mus txog qhov muaj peev xwm siab tshaj plaws, cov tuam txhab fiberglass yuav tsum ua kom tiav zero tso zis ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yam tsis muaj nqi ntxiv. Qhov no yuav xav tau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom kom txo tau cov khoom pov tseg (rau cov kua thiab roj pov tseg ib yam) thiab rov siv cov pov tseg txhua qhov chaw.

Cov khib nyiab zoo li no yuav tsum tau rov ua dua thiab rov ua dua ua ntej rov siv dua li cov khoom siv raw. Ntau lub tuam txhab twb tau hais txog cov teeb meem no.