Yaya ake yin Fiberglass?

Fiberglass yana nufin ƙungiyar samfuran da aka yi daga filayen gilashi ɗaya waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan. Za a iya raba filayen gilashi zuwa manyan rukuni biyu bisa ga lissafinsu: ci gaba da zaren da ake amfani da su a cikin yadudduka da yadudduka, da kuma filaye (gajerun) zaruruwan da ake amfani da su azaman jemagu, bargo, ko allo don rufewa da tacewa. Ana iya samar da fiberglass zuwa zaren kamar ulu ko auduga, kuma ana saka shi cikin masana'anta wanda a wasu lokuta ake amfani da shi don draperies. Fiberglass yadin da aka saba amfani da su azaman kayan ƙarfafawa don gyare-gyaren robobi da laminti. Fiberglass ulu, kauri, kayan miya da aka yi daga zaruruwan da ba a daina amfani da su ba, ana amfani da su don ƙoshin zafi da ɗaukar sauti. Yawanci ana samun shi a cikin manyan kantunan jirgi da na karkashin ruwa da tarkace; dakunan injin mota da na'urorin layin jiki; a cikin tanderu da na'urorin kwandishan; bangon murya da bangon rufi; da gine-gine partitions. Ana iya keɓance fiberglass don takamaiman aikace-aikace irin su Nau'in E (lantarki), ana amfani dashi azaman tef ɗin rufewa na lantarki, yadi da ƙarfafawa; Nau'in C (sunadarai), wanda ke da mafi girman juriya na acid, da kuma Nau'in T, don rufin zafi.

Kodayake amfani da fiber gilashin kasuwanci ya kasance kwanan nan, masu sana'a sun ƙirƙira igiyoyin gilashi don yin ado da kwalabe da vases a lokacin Renaissance. Wani masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Faransa, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, ya samar da kayan yadi da aka yi wa ado da zaren gilashi masu kyau a shekara ta 1713, kuma masu kirkirar Birtaniyya sun kwafi wannan abin a shekara ta 1822. Wani masaƙan siliki na Biritaniya ya yi gilashin gilashi a 1842, kuma wani mai ƙirƙira, Edward Libbey, ya baje kolin. Tufafin da aka saka da gilashi a 1893 Columbian Exposition a Chicago.

Gilashin ulu, ɗimbin ɗumbin ɗimbin fiber da ba a so ba a tsawon bazuwar, an fara samar da shi a Turai a ƙarshen ƙarni, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin da ya haɗa da zana zaruruwa daga sanduna a kwance zuwa ganga mai juyawa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, an ƙirƙiri tsarin jujjuyawar kuma an ba da izini. An kera kayan da ke rufe gilashin fiber a Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na 1. Bincike da ci gaba da nufin samar da masana'antu na filaye na gilashi ya ci gaba a Amurka a cikin 1930s, karkashin jagorancin manyan kamfanoni guda biyu, da Owens-Illinois Glass Company da Corning Glass. Ayyuka. Waɗannan kamfanoni sun haɓaka fiber gilashin mai kyau, mai jujjuyawa, mai rahusa ta hanyar zana narkakkar gilashin ta cikin filaye masu kyau. A cikin 1938, waɗannan kamfanoni guda biyu sun haɗu sun zama Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Yanzu an san shi da Owens-Corning, ya zama kamfani na dala biliyan 3 a shekara, kuma shine jagora a kasuwar fiberglass.

Raw Materials

Tushen albarkatun ƙasa don samfuran fiberglass sune nau'ikan ma'adanai na halitta da sinadarai da aka kera. Babban sinadaran shine yashi silica, farar ƙasa, da ash soda. Sauran sinadaran na iya haɗawa da alumina calcined, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, da kaolin laka, da sauransu. Ana amfani da yashi silica azaman gilashin tsohon, kuma soda ash da limestone suna taimakawa da farko don rage zafin narkewa. Ana amfani da wasu sinadarai don inganta wasu kaddarorin, kamar borax don juriya na sinadarai. Gilashin shara, wanda kuma ake kira cullet, ana kuma amfani dashi azaman ɗanyen abu. Dole ne a auna kayan dayan a hankali a daidai adadin kuma a haɗe su sosai (wanda ake kira batching) kafin a narke su cikin gilashi.

The Manufacturing
Tsari

Narkewa

Da zarar an shirya batch, ana ciyar da shi a cikin tanderun wuta don narkewa. Za a iya dumama tanderun da wutar lantarki, da man burbushin mai, ko haɗin biyun. Dole ne a sarrafa yanayin zafi daidai don kula da santsi, tsayayyen kwararar gilashi. Gilashin da aka narkar da shi dole ne a adana shi a mafi girman zafin jiki (kimanin 2500°F [1371°C]) fiye da sauran nau'ikan gilashin domin a samar da fiber. Da zarar gilashin ya zama narkakkar, an tura shi zuwa ga kayan aiki ta hanyar tashar (forehearth) wanda yake a ƙarshen tanderun.

Samar da cikin zaruruwa

Ana amfani da matakai daban-daban don samar da zaruruwa, dangane da nau'in fiber. Za a iya samar da zaruruwan yadi daga narkakkar gilashin kai tsaye daga tanderun, ko kuma a fara ciyar da gilashin narkakkar zuwa injin da ke samar da marmara gilashin kusan inci 0.62 (1.6 cm) a diamita. Wadannan marmara suna ba da damar a duba gilashin a gani don ƙazanta. A cikin duka narkewar kai tsaye da tsarin narke marmara, gilashin ko marmara gilashin ana ciyar da su ta hanyar bushings masu zafi na lantarki (wanda ake kira spinnerets). An yi daji da platinum ko ƙarfe na ƙarfe, tare da ko'ina daga 200 zuwa 3,000 masu kyau. Gilashin da aka narkar da shi yana wucewa ta cikin kofofin kuma yana fitowa a matsayin filaye masu kyau.

Ci gaba da aiwatar da filament

Za a iya samar da fiber mai tsawo, mai ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyar ci gaba da aikin filament. Bayan gilashin ya ratsa ta cikin ramukan da ke cikin daji, an kama madauri da yawa akan injin iska mai sauri. Jirgin iska yana jujjuyawa a kusan mil 2 (kilomita 3) a cikin minti ɗaya, da sauri fiye da adadin kwarara daga cikin daji. Tashin hankali yana fitar da filaments yayin da har yanzu ake narkakkarwa, yana samar da igiyoyi kaɗan na diamita na buɗewa a cikin daji. Ana amfani da abin ɗauren sinadari, wanda ke taimaka wa fiber ɗin daga karyewa yayin sarrafa shi daga baya. Ana raunata filament a kan bututu. Yanzu ana iya jujjuya shi kuma a sanya shi cikin yarn.

Tsari-fiber tsari

Madadin hanyar ita ce tsarin staplefiber. Yayin da narkakkar gilashin ke gudana ta cikin dazuzzuka, jirage masu saukar ungulu na yin sanyi da sauri. Har ila yau, fashewar iska mai hargitsi yana karya filaye zuwa tsayin inci 8-15 (20-38 cm). Wadannan filaments suna faɗowa ta hanyar fesa mai mai a kan wani ganga mai juyawa, inda suke samar da gidan yanar gizo siriri. Ana zana gidan yanar gizon daga ganga kuma an ja shi zuwa ci gaba da zaren zaruruwa da aka harhada. Ana iya sarrafa wannan madaidaicin zuwa zaren ta hanyar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don ulu da auduga.

Yankakken fiber

Maimakon a kafa shi ya zama yarn, za a iya yanka madaidaicin ci gaba ko tsayi mai tsayi zuwa gajeren tsayi. An ɗora igiyar a kan saitin bobbins, wanda ake kira creel, kuma an ja shi ta na'ura wanda ya sare shi guntu. Ana samar da zaren da aka yanka a cikin tabarmi wanda ake ƙara ɗaure zuwa gare shi. Bayan an warke a cikin tanda, ana naɗe tabarmar. Ma'auni daban-daban da kauri suna ba da samfura don shingle, ginannen rufi, ko tabarmi na ado.

Gilashin ulu

Ana amfani da tsarin rotary ko spinner don yin ulun gilashi. A cikin wannan tsari, gilashin da aka narkar da shi daga tanderun yana gudana zuwa cikin akwati na silinda mai ƙananan ramuka. Yayin da kwandon ke jujjuya da sauri, ƙoramar gilashin a kwance suna gudana daga cikin ramukan. Ruwan gilashin da aka narkar da su ana juyar da su zuwa zaruruwa ta hanyar fashewar iska, gas mai zafi, ko duka biyun. Zaɓuɓɓukan suna faɗowa kan bel ɗin jigilar kaya, inda suke cuɗanya da juna a cikin ɗumbin ƙulli. Ana iya amfani da wannan don rufewa, ko kuma a iya fesa ulun da abin ɗaure, a matse shi cikin kauri da ake so, sannan a warke a cikin tanda. Zafin yana saita abin ɗaure, kuma samfurin da aka samu zai iya zama katako mai tsauri ko tsaka-tsaki, ko batt mai sassauƙa.

Abubuwan kariya

Bugu da ƙari ga masu ɗaure, ana buƙatar wasu sutura don samfuran fiberglass. Ana amfani da man shafawa don rage lalata fiber kuma ana fesa su kai tsaye a kan fiber ɗin ko kuma a saka su cikin ɗaure. Har ila yau, wani lokaci ana fesa wani abun da ke da kariya a tsaye a saman saman tabarmar gilashin fiberlass yayin matakin sanyaya. Sanyaya iska da aka zana ta cikin tabarma yana sa wakili na anti-static ya shiga duk kaurin tabarma. Wakilin anti-static ya ƙunshi nau'o'i biyu-wani abu wanda ke rage yawan samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma kayan da ke aiki a matsayin mai hana lalata da kuma stabilizer.Sizing shine duk wani suturar da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin filaye na yadi a cikin aikin kafawa, kuma yana iya ƙunsar ɗaya ko ɗaya. ƙarin abubuwan da aka gyara (masu mai, masu ɗaure, ko abubuwan haɗin gwiwa). Ana amfani da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a kan igiyoyi waɗanda za a yi amfani da su don ƙarfafa robobi, don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa ga kayan da aka ƙarfafa. Don ƙarfafa filastik, ƙila za a iya cire ma'auni tare da zafi ko sinadarai kuma a yi amfani da wakili mai haɗawa. Don aikace-aikacen kayan ado, yadudduka dole ne a bi da su da zafi don cire girman da kuma saita saƙa. Sannan ana shafa rini na tushe kafin a mutu ko bugu.

Ƙirƙiri zuwa siffofi

Kayayyakin fiberglass sun zo a cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, an yi su ta amfani da matakai da yawa. Misali, rufin bututun fiberglass yana rauni akan nau'i-nau'i irin na sanda da ake kira mandrels kai tsaye daga rukunin da aka kafa, kafin a warke. Samfurin, a cikin tsayin ƙafa 3 (91 cm) ko ƙasa da haka, ana warkewa a cikin tanda. Ana cire tsayin da aka warkar da su a tsayin tsayi, kuma a sanya sa a cikin ƙayyadaddun girma. Ana amfani da fuskoki idan an buƙata, kuma an shirya samfurin don jigilar kaya.

Kula da inganci

A lokacin samar da rufin fiberglass, ana yin samfurin kayan aiki a wurare da dama a cikin tsari don kula da inganci. Waɗannan wuraren sun haɗa da: gauraye da ake ciyar da su zuwa narkewar lantarki; narkakkar gilashin daga daji wanda ke ciyar da fiberizer; gilashin gilashin da ke fitowa daga injin fiberizer; da samfurin warkewa na ƙarshe yana fitowa daga ƙarshen layin samarwa. Ana bincikar gilashin gilasai da samfuran fiber don abun da ke tattare da sinadarai da kasancewar rashin lahani ta amfani da ƙwararrun masu nazarin sinadarai da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana samun rabon girman barbashi na kayan batch ta hanyar wucewa da kayan ta hanyar adadin sieves daban-daban. Ana auna samfurin ƙarshe don kauri bayan marufi bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Canjin kauri yana nuna cewa ingancin gilashin yana ƙasa da ma'auni.

Masu masana'anta na fiberglass kuma suna amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin gwaji iri-iri don aunawa, daidaitawa, da haɓaka juriyar sautin samfur, ɗaukar sauti, da aikin shingen sauti. Za'a iya sarrafa kaddarorin masu sauti ta hanyar daidaita nau'ikan nau'ikan samarwa kamar diamita na fiber, ƙarancin girma, kauri, da abun ɗaure. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanya don sarrafa abubuwan thermal.

Gaba

Masana'antar fiberglass na fuskantar wasu manyan ƙalubale a cikin sauran shekarun 1990 da bayan haka. Adadin masu kera gilashin fiberglass ya karu saboda rassan Amurka na kamfanonin kasashen waje da kuma inganta ayyukan masana'antun Amurka. Wannan ya haifar da karfin da ya wuce kima, wanda kasuwa na yanzu da watakila nan gaba ba za su iya ɗauka ba.

Baya ga wuce gona da iri, sauran kayan rufewa za su yi gasa. Dutsen ulu ya zama mai amfani da yawa saboda tsarin kwanan nan da haɓaka samfura. Rufin kumfa wani madadin fiberglass a cikin ganuwar zama da rufin kasuwanci. Wani kayan gasa shine cellulose, wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin rufin ɗaki.

Saboda ƙananan buƙatun rufi saboda kasuwar gidaje mai laushi, masu amfani suna buƙatar ƙananan farashin. Wannan buƙatar kuma ta kasance sakamakon ci gaba da haɓakar dillalai da ƴan kwangila. A saboda haka, masana'antar kera fiberglass za ta ci gaba da rage farashi a manyan fannoni biyu: makamashi da muhalli. Dole ne a yi amfani da tanda masu inganci waɗanda ba su dogara ga tushen makamashi ɗaya kaɗai ba.

Tare da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa sun kai matsakaicin iya aiki, masana'antun fiberglass dole ne su cimma kusan fitar da sifili akan sharar gida ba tare da ƙara farashi ba. Wannan yana buƙatar haɓaka hanyoyin masana'antu don rage sharar gida (don sharar ruwa da gas kuma) da sake amfani da sharar gida a duk inda zai yiwu.

Irin wannan sharar gida na iya buƙatar sake sarrafawa da sake narkewa kafin sake amfani da shi azaman ɗanyen abu. Yawancin masana'antun sun riga sun magance waɗannan batutuwa.